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Dairy/Milk Food Falls into/onto Meat or Meat Falls into/onto Dairy/Milk Food
WERE BOTH FOODS LESS THAN 120° F?
YES

ARE BOTH FOODS SOLID?
YES
Status If you can separate them (there are no cracks in the meat), both foods are kosher.  Consult a rabbi.
What to Do
  • If one or both of the foods were already cooked, separate them and wash with soap and water (if possible).
  • If it is not possible to separate them, just cut off the thinnest slice possible from each surface of each food which had been in contact with the opposite gender food and you may use the food.
NO
SOLID FOOD FALLS INTO LIQUID FOOD OR LIQUID FOOD FALLS ONTO SOLID FOOD
Status If both foods are cold and you can separate them (there are no cracks in the meat), they MAY be kosher.  Consult a rabbi.
 
  • Both foods are non-kosher if they cannot be separated.
  • If you can separate them enough that one becomes less than 1/60th the volume of the other:
    • The larger food is kosher.
    • The lesser one is non-kosher
What To Do
  • Once the two foods are separated, wash or otherwise remove the smaller food from the larger one.
  • If not possible, cut off the thinnest slice possible and you may eat the remaining food.
Note If there are cracks in raw or cooked meat, and if you can clean off enough of the dairy spill so that the remainder is less than 1/60th, it may be kosher--ask a rabbi.
 
LIQUID FOOD FALLS INTO LIQUID FOOD
Status Both liquid foods are non-kosher.
Exception If one liquid food is less than 1/60th the volume of the other one, the mixture is kosher.
Note If non-kosher wine is involved, see below.
 
SOLID FOODS, ONE OR BOTH ARE HOT
Status If one (or both) of the foods is hotter than 120° F, both foods are non-kosher.
Exception If one food is less than 1/60th of the volume of the other:
  • The larger-volume food may be kosher (consult a rabbi).
  • The smaller-volume food remains not kosher.
Possible Exception  If the food on the bottom is cold and thick, consult a rabbi.

If either food is spicy, see above.
If any combination (solid and liquid; solid and solid which are in any liquid; or liquid and liquid) of dairy and meat were soaked together for 24 hours or more, even if cold, they are all not kosher.
Exception In any of these three cases, in which one is less than 1/60th the volume of the other:
  • The larger food is kosher.
  • The lesser one is non-kosher.
Note You must remove the smaller food from the larger one and wash off the larger one, if possible. If you don't know how long the foods soaked together but it may have been less than 24 hours, you may use the foods.
 
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Microwave Oven Dishes
You may microwave a dairy food in a meat (or meat food in a dairy) glass (or Pyrex or Corelle) utensil. Even if the food gets hotter than 120 degrees, the food and utensil are still both kosher. (This is not true if placed in a conventional oven!)
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Spills: Food onto Opposite Gender Utensil: Flow Chart
WERE BOTH FOOD AND UTENSIL LESS THAN 120° F?
YES
What to Do Wash off with cold water and soap.
Status Everything is kosher and may be used immediately.
 
NO
WAS THE UTENSIL CLEAN AND UNUSED at 120° F or more FOR MORE THAN 24 HOURS?
Note Clean means no residual food, including pareve; this IS essential since the food or utensil or both were hot! If used at 120° F or more for pareve within 24 hours, ask a rabbi.
YES
Status
  • Food is kosher
  • Utensil requires kashering
What to Do
  • Wash utensil with cold water and soap.
  • Wait 24 hours after the spill occurred before kashering it.
Note If you wash off the utensil with hot (above 120° F) water, you must wait 24 hours after cleaning the utensil before kashering it.
 
NO
IS THE SPILLED FOOD LESS THAN 1/60th of the volume of the commonly used capacity of the utensil (if the utensil is empty) OR less than 1/60th of the actual volume of food contained within the utensil?
YES
Status
  • Food is kosher.
  • Utensil is kosher after 24 hours.
What to Do Wash utensil with cold water and soap and wait 24 hours before using the utensil.
Note If utensil had food in it and the spilled food was less than 1/60th of the volume of the food in the utensil, you may use the utensil immediately after cleaning it and you do not need to wait 24 hours.
 
NO (Spilled food was 120° F or more, OR the utensil not clean, OR the utensil was used within 24 hours, and spilled food is more than 1/60th of the utensil's volume)
Status
  • Food is non-kosher.
  • Utensil is non-kosher.
What to Do Utensil must be kashered.  See Hag'ala/Boiling or Libun/Direct Heat for instructions on how to kasher each material.

Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Dishwashers: Neutral/Pareve Item
You may not wash a neutral/ pareve dish in a meat or milk dishwasher--even if there are no dirty dishes with milk or meat on them and even if there are no other dishes in the dishwasher. If you did, the neutral/pareve dish may have become the gender of the dishwasher, but consult a rabbi for leniencies.
Situation You have a meat or milk dishwasher and you washed a neutral/pareve utensil in it.
What To Do If the dishwasher has dirty dishes containing milk or meat food, the neutral/pareve utensil will become that gender. However, if the dishwasher does not have any dirty dishes with food of either gender on them and the dishwasher has not been used for at least 24 hours, the pareve dish will remain pareve.
NoteThis is a b'di'avad (after the fact) case. You may not intentionally (l'chatchila) wash the pareve utensil in a gendered dishwasher.
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Pot Lids
Pot lids are treated as if they are utensils.
Situation
  • You put a lid of one gender on a pot of the opposite gender.
  • The pot is more than 120° F (49° C).
Status The lid becomes non-kosher and the pot and food inside usually will be non-kosher, but ask a rabbi about possible leniencies.
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Microwave Ovens
As with conventional ovens, these factors determine kosher/non-kosher status for a microwave oven:
  • Was it clean?
  • Did the interior surfaces get hot (120° F--49° C--or more)?
  • Was it used in the previous 24 hours?
Note Microwave ovens do not have the problems of bishul akum that conventional ovens have.
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Drawers
Situation You find an eating or cooking utensil of one gender in a drawer of the opposite gender.
Status You may use the item without kashering it.
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Dishwashers: Accidental Mix-up
Situation After washing a load of utensils of one gender in your dishwasher, you find an item of the opposite gender in your dishwasher.
Status
  • The single item is non-kosher
  • The remaining items will most likely be kosher (as long as the single item is less than 1/60th of the total volume of items and water in the dishwasher).
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Dishwashers: Intentional Mixing of Utensils
You may not intentionally put a pareve utensil in a dishwasher that contains dairy or meat dishes. If you do, the formerly pareve utensil will take the gender of the other dishes, unless it is of glass, Pyrex, or other materials that do not take on gender when in hot water.
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Cutting Boards
Situation You cut a spicy/charif item of one gender on a cutting board (whether wood or plastic), and then cut the opposite-gender spicy/charif food on that same cutting board.
Status Generally, the board and the knife and whichever food was cut second becomes non-kosher. Consult a rabbi for exceptions.
What To Do If you can sand off the surface to below the level of any knife cuts, the board might be kosher. Consult a rabbi.
Separate Dairy and Meat Countertops
Ideally, allot separate counter space for meat and dairy so they do not share the same space.  
 
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Utensils: Heat with Dry/Wet
Hot, clean, dry utensils of opposite genders, even if touching each other, both remain kosher.
Hot, clean, wet utensils of opposite genders touching each other are both not kosher
SITUATION One of the utensils had not been used in less than 24 hours before the contact.
STATUS That unused utensil becomes not kosher. However, even if the other utensil had been used in less than 24 hours before the contact, it remains kosher.

 
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Food of One Gender Falls into Opposite Food
Note If either food is spicy, see below.
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Spills: Food onto Opposite Gender Utensil: Flow Chart
WERE BOTH FOOD AND UTENSIL LESS THAN 120° F?
YES
What to Do Wash off with cold water and soap.
Status Everything is kosher and may be used immediately.
 
NO
WAS THE UTENSIL CLEAN AND UNUSED at 120° F or more FOR MORE THAN 24 HOURS?
Note Clean means no residual food, including pareve; this IS essential since the food or utensil or both were hot! If used at 120° F or more for pareve within 24 hours, ask a rabbi.
YES
Status
  • Food is kosher
  • Utensil requires kashering
What to Do
  • Wash utensil with cold water and soap.
  • Wait 24 hours after the spill occurred before kashering it.
Note If you wash off the utensil with hot (above 120° F) water, you must wait 24 hours after cleaning the utensil before kashering it.
 
NO
IS THE SPILLED FOOD LESS THAN 1/60th of the volume of the commonly used capacity of the utensil (if the utensil is empty) OR less than 1/60th of the actual volume of food contained within the utensil?
YES
Status
  • Food is non-kosher.
  • Utensil is kosher.
What to Do Wash utensil with cold water and soap and wait 24 hours before using the utensil.
Note If utensil had food in it and the spilled food was less than 1/60th of the volume of the food in the utensil, you may use the utensil immediately after cleaning it and you need not wait 24 hours.
 
NO (Spilled food was 120° F or more, utensil not clean, utensil used within 24 hours, spilled food is more than 1/60th of the utensil's volume)
Status
  • Food is non-kosher.
  • Utensil is non-kosher.
What to Do Utensil must be kashered.  See Hag'ala/Boiling or Libun/Direct Heat for instructions on how to kasher each material.



Note In this section, meat spilled onto a dairy utensil and dairy spilled onto a meat utensil are treated the same.
Kashrut: Dairy/Meat: Hot Spills and Opposite Gender Utensil: Unused
Situation
  • Hot food of one gender spills (falls into or onto) an empty utensil of the opposite gender.
  • The utensil was unused at 120° F (49° C) or more for at least 24 hours.
Status
  • The utensil is usually non-kosher.
  • The food is kosher.
Note If the spill is spicy/charif or if the utensil had been used hot within the 24 hours before the spill, consult a rabbi.